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The Meaning of Decentralization. “Decentralization” is one of the words… | by Vitalik…
“Decentralization” is one of the words that is used in the cryptoeconomics space the most frequently, and is often even viewed as a blockchain’s entire raison…
Zk-SNARKs: Under the Hood. This is the third part of a series of… | by Vitalik Buterin
Remember that the solution to a QAP is a set of polynomials (A, B, C) such that A(x) * B(x) - C(x) = H(x) * Z(x), where:A is a linear combination of a set of…
Exploring Elliptic Curve Pairings | by Vitalik Buterin
The math behind why pairing functions work is quite tricky and involves quite a bit of advanced algebra going even beyond what we’ve seen so far, but I’ll provide an…
Parametrizing Casper: the decentralization/finality time/overhead tradeoff | by Vitalik…
As Casper continues to reach an increasingly stabilized form, there has been increased interest in the various parameters that are going to be set in the protocol,…
A Proof of Stake Design Philosophy | by Vitalik Buterin
Systems like Ethereum (and Bitcoin, and NXT, and Bitshares, etc) are a fundamentally new class of cryptoeconomic organisms — decentralized,…
Minimal Slashing Conditions. Last week Yoichi released a blog post… | by Vitalik Buterin
Note that plausible liveness is not the same thing as actual liveness; plausible liveness means that we theoretically can always finalize something, but it could…